LINES OF EVIDENCE: DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE
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The fossil record contains preserved remains or traces of any organism from the remote past. They may be either direct (body fossils) such as bones, teeth, shells and leaves or indirect, ( trace fossils) for instance footprints, teeth marks and tracks making it easier for scientists to discover deeper into the meaning of how we have evolved
ABSOLUTE DATING
Sometimes called numerical dating to give rocks an actual date range in number of years using radiometric data. It involves comparing the ratio of radioactive isotopes in rock samples or fossils to that found in the atmosphere. Although absolute dating gives an indication as to the time frame of a particular artefact, it doesn't give exact dates, making it not a fully substantial source of information. The use of carbon dating is used but only to fossils aged 50,000 years old and younger, if its older it can't be sufficiently used, impacting the efficiency of absolute dating on fossils. The use of carbon dating over time has led to large amounts in the atmosphere impacting some fossils to change, leading to being dated inaccurately
RELATIVE DATING AND NUMERICAL DATING (OR ABSOLUTE TIME)
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RELATIVE DATING
Relative dating puts geological events in time order, The principle of superstition states that for particular strata (rock layers) that the oldest stratum is at the bottom of the rocks and the younger layers have formed formed on top. The principle of correlation states the identification of index fossils which will be found at various sedimentary depths, being used to identify rocks of similar ages, all helping to found the relative age. As we discovered DNA in the 1950's and fossils have been found for years beyond that, our society is able to use technology to look further into the exact raging of fossils, making them more accurate
DATING | THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION'S HUMAN ORIGINS PROGRAM
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RESTRAINTS OF PALEONTOLOGISTS
When digging up fossils, palaeontologist have to be aware of their surroundings. Sometimes people such as builders will come across a fossil when digging and either not know what it is or take little care of its wellbeing. They take on a safe approach to dig deep under ground by bulldozing chunks of rocks and soil
They must be careful when using shovels, drills, hammers and chiselled to remove the fossils from the ground, taking them out safely making sure they don't break the fossil as they retrieve it Palaeontologists have to have the right tools and equipment as they need to keep careful records of the fossils they find and measure, draw, and take pictures of the fossils
The parts of the fossil that stick out of the rock are sprayed or painted with a special glue. This helps to make the bones strong. Then the fossil and rock are wrapped in bandages covered with plaster, protecting it but will erode the original fossil over time as it has been modified
They may also have been too late to retrieve the fossil as environmental changes could have impacted it before such as volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and even when various species of hominids were being discovered, the sand had eroded the bones away, leaving little left to discover
DIEING OUT
"Previous research on Neanderthal sites which suggested that they were more recent than 40,000 years old appears to be wrong,"
After 40,000 years, radioactive carbon decays comparably quick and only a small measure of it will be left to use. Making it extremely hard to conclude the investigation as the littlest piece of contaminant can destruct dating efforts. Scientists have evolved methods to diminish the chances of contamination, making radiocarbon dating more set out to get round these problems Research for this experiment was based on the eruption of the Campi Flegrei volcano, west of Naples 39,000 years ago. This destructive eruption did more damage than expected as over 60 cubic miles of ash were blown into the atmosphere, housing majority of an area in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. With the ash coverage, it gave scientists a decisive means of dating for this period. With relation to new radiocarbon dating, it was shown there were no Neanderthal sites found 39,000 years ago anywhere in Europe. This changes our thinking about our closest cousins
It has even been thought by researchers that the biggest volcanic eruption in Europe for over 200,000 years, Campo Flegrei, are one of the dominant impacts on the result of their existence. The huge clouds of ash were thought to have covered the sun for months, even years, having no sunlight contributing to the temperature to drop. Mixed with the sulphur dioxide, fluoride and chloride emissions in the atmosphere, it would have started generated severe acid rain fall, concluding the existence of Neanderthals may have ceased due to have shivered severely and choked to death
ANON
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